In manual scenarios, we define the number of Vusers, the load generator machines, and percentage of Vusers to be assigned to each script. For web tests, we may create a goal-oriented scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve.
LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us. Step 4: Running the scenario. We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Before the testing, we set the scenario configuration and scheduling. We can run the entire scenario, Vuser groups, or individual Vusers. Step 5: Monitoring the scenario. We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime, transaction, system resource, Web resource, Web server resource, Web application server resource, database server resource, network delay, streaming media resource, firewall server resource, ERP server resource, and Java performance monitors.
Step 6: Analyzing test results. During scenario execution, LoadRunner records the performance of the application under different loads. When do you do load and performance Testing? Ans: We perform load testing once we are done with interface GUI testing. Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component, application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system.
For example, a typical application-testing scenario might depict users logging in simultaneously to a system. This gives rise to issues such as what is the response time of the system, does it crash, will it go with different software applications and platforms, can it hold so many hundreds and thousands of users, etc. This is when we set do load and performance testing.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to record a Script? It enables you to develop Vuser scripts for a variety of application types and communication protocols. What is a rendezvous point? Ans: You insert rendezvous points into Vuser scripts to emulate heavy user load on the server.
Rendezvous points instruct Vusers to wait during test execution for multiple Vusers to arrive at a certain point, in order that they may simultaneously perform a task. For example, to emulate peak load on the bank server, you can insert a rendezvous point instructing Vusers to deposit cash into their accounts at the same time. Explain the recording mode for web Vuser script? Ans: We use VuGen to develop a Vuser script by recording a user performing typical business processes on a client application.
VuGen creates the script by recording the activity between the client and the server. For example, in web based applications, VuGen monitors the client end of the database and traces all the requests sent to, and received from, the database server. We use VuGen to: Monitor the communication between the application and the server; Generate the required function calls; and Insert the generated function calls into a Vuser script.
Why do you create parameters? Ans: Parameters are like script variables. They are used to vary input to the server and to emulate real users. Different sets of data are sent to the server each time the script is run. Better simulate the usage model for more accurate testing from the Controller; one script can emulate many different users on the system.
What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation? Ans: Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries.
Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code to avoid nested queries. Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
How do you find out where correlation is required? Ans: Two ways: First we can scan for correlations, and see the list of values which can be correlated. From this we can pick a value to be correlated. Secondly, we can record two scripts and compare them. We can look up the difference file to see for the values which needed to be correlated. Where do you set automatic correlation options?
Ans: Automatic correlation from web point of view can be set in recording options and correlation tab. Here we can enable correlation for the entire script and choose either issue online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that correlation. Automatic correlation for database can be done using show output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab and choose which query value we want to correlate.
If we know the specific value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify how the value to be created. What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web Vuser script? What are Scenarios? Ans: Scenarios encapsulate the Vuser Groups and scripts to be executed on load generators at run-time.
Manual scenarios can distribute the total number of Vusers among scripts based on the analyst-specified percentage evenly among load generators. How do you debug a LoadRunner script? The Debug settings in the Options dialog box allow us to determine the extent of the trace to be performed during scenario execution. The debug information is written to the Output window.
This is useful if we want to receive debug information about a small section of the script only. How do you write user defined functions in LR? We add this library to VuGen bin directory.
Once the library is added then we assign user defined function as a parameter. What are the changes you can make in run-time settings? Ans: The Run Time Settings that we make are: 1. Pacing - It has iteration count. Extended Think Time - In think time we have two options like Ignore think time and Replay think time.
General - Under general tab we can set the vusers as process or as multithreading and whether each step as a transaction. Where do you set Iteration for Vuser testing? The navigation for this is Run time settings, Pacing tab, set number of iterations.
What is Ramp up? How do you set this? An initial value is set and a value to wait between intervals can be specified. If you want to stop the execution of your script on error, how do you do that? This function is useful when you need to manually abort a script execution as a result of a specific error condition. When you end a script using this function, the Vuser is assigned the status "Stopped". For this to take effect, we have to first uncheck the Continue on error option in Run-Time Settings.
What is the relation between Response Time and Throughput? Ans: The Throughput graph shows the amount of data in bytes that the Vusers received from the server in a second. When we compare this with the transaction response time, we will notice that as throughput decreased, the response time also decreased.
Similarly, the peak throughput and highest response time would occur approximately at the same time. How do you identify the performance bottlenecks? Ans: Performance Bottlenecks can be detected by using monitors. These monitors might be application server monitors, web server monitors, database server monitors and network monitors. They help in finding out the troubled area in our scenario which causes increased response time.
If web server, database and Network are all fine where could be the problem? Ans: The problem could be in the system itself or in the application server or in the code written for the application. How did you find web server related issues? Ans: Using Web resource monitors we can find the performance of web servers.
Using these monitors we can analyze throughput on the web server, number of hits per second that occurred during scenario, the number of http responses per second, the number of downloaded pages per second.
How did you find database related issues? Ans: By running Database monitor and help of Data Resource Graph we can find database related issues. You can specify the resource you want to measure on before running the controller and than you can see database related issues.
What is the difference between Overlay graph and Correlate graph? Ans: Overlay Graph: It overlay the content of two graphs that shares a common x-axis. Correlate Graph: Plot the Y-axis of two graphs against each other.
What is think time? How do you change the threshold? Ans: Think time is the time that a real user waits between actions. Example: When a user receives data from a server, the user may wait several seconds to review the data before responding.
This delay is known as the think time. Changing the Threshold: Threshold level is the level below which the recorded think time will be ignored. The default value is five 5 seconds. We can change the think time threshold in the Recording options of the Vugen. What is the difference between standard log and extended log? Ans: The standard log sends a subset of functions and messages sent during script execution to a log. The subset depends on the Vuser type Extended log sends a detailed script execution messages to the output log.
This is mainly used during debugging when we want information about: Parameter substitution. Data returned by the server.
Advanced trace. This function sets a SQL statement to be processed. What Are Microservices? Ans: Microservices is a variant of the service-oriented architecture SOA architectural style that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled services. In a microservices architecture, services should be fine-grained and the protocols should be lightweight. The benefit of decomposing an application into different smaller services is that it improves modularity and makes the application easier to understand, develop and test.
It also parallelism development by enabling small autonomous teams to develop, deploy and scale their respective services independently. It also allows the architecture of an individual service to emerge through continuous refactoring. Microservices-based architectures enable continuous delivery and deployment. What Is Spring Cloud? Spring Cloud Task. A short-lived microservices framework to quickly build applications that perform finite amounts of data processing.
Ans: When developing distributed microservices with Spring Boot we face the following issues- Complexity associated with distributed systems- This overhead includes network issues, Latency overhead, Bandwidth issues, security issues. Service Discovery- Service discovery tools manage how processes and services in a cluster can find and talk to one another.
It involves a directory of services, registering services in that directory, and then being able to lookup and connect to services in that directory.
Redundancy- Redundancy issues in distributed systems. Loadbalancing- Load balancing improves the distribution of workloads across multiple computing resources, such as computers, a computer cluster, network links, central processing units, or disk drives. Performance issues- Performance issues due to various operational overheads.
Deployment complexities- Requirement of Devops skills. What Is A Microservices Architecture? Ans: Microservices architecture allows to avoid monolith application for large system. It provide loose coupling between collaborating processes which running independently in different environments with tight cohesion.
Ans: Microservices Advantages Smaller code base is easy to maintain. Easy to scale as individual component. Technology diversity i. Fault isolation i.
Better support for smaller and parallel team. Independent deployment Deployment time reduce Microservices Disadvantages Difficult to achieve strong consistency across services ACID transactions do not span multiple processes. Distributed System so hard to debug and trace the issues Greater need for end to end testing Required cultural changes in across teams like Dev and Ops working together even in same team.
Spring provide smart RestTemplate for service discovery and load balancing by using LoadBalanced annotation with RestTemplate instance. Ans: Spring Boot provides actuator endpoints to monitor metrics of individual microservices. These endpoints are very helpful for getting information about applications like if they are up, if their components like database etc are working good. But a major drawback or difficulty about using actuator enpoints is that we have to individually hit the enpoints for applications to know their status or health.
Imagine microservices involving 50 applications, the admin will have to hit the actuator endpoints of all 50 applications. To help us deal with this situation, we will be using open source project located at Built on top of Spring Boot Actuator, it provides a web UI to enable us visualize the metrics of multiple applications. Ans: When we start a project, we usually have all the configurations in the properties file. As more and more services are developed and deployed, adding and modifying these properties become more complex.
Some services might go down, while some the location might change. This manual changing of properties may create issues. Eureka Service Registration and Discovery helps in such scenarios. As all services are registered to the Eureka server and lookup done by calling the Eureka Server, any change in service locations need not be handled and is taken care of.
Ans: Spring Cloud support several ways to implement service discovery but for this I am going to use Eureka created by Netflix. Spring Cloud provide several annotation to make it use easy and hiding lots of complexity. Ans: Load Balanced RestTemplate. If there are multiple RestTemplate you get the right one. It can used to access multiple microservices. Ans: Server side load balancing can be achieved using Netflix Zuul. Zuul is a JVM based router and server side load balancing by Netflix.
It provides a single entry to our system, which allows a browser, mobile app, or other user interface to consume services from multiple hosts without managing cross-origin resource sharing CORS and authentication for each one.
We can integrate Zuul with other Netflix projects like Hystrix for fault tolerance and Eureka for service discovery, or use it to manage routing rules, filters, and load balancing across your system. Contact for more on Microservices Online training.
What is Selenium? Answer: Selenium is a suite of tools for browser automation. It works with most browsers, including Firefox from 3. What is Automation Testing? What are the benefits of Automation Testing? Answer: Benefits of Automation testing are: Supports execution of repeated test cases Aids in testing a large test matrix Enables parallel execution Encourages unattended execution Improves accuracy thereby reducing human generated errors Saves time and money Q.
Answer: Selenium is a suite of tools for automated web testing. With most of the browsers Webdriver and RC works. Grid: With the help of Grid you can distribute tests on multiple machines so that Q. What is Selenium IDE? It operates as a Mozilla Firefox add on and provides an easy to use interface for developing and running individual test cases or entire test suites. Selenium-IDE has a recording feature, which will keep account of user actions as they are performed and store them as a reusable script to play back.
What is the use of context menu in Selenium IDE? Answer: It allows the user to pick from a list of assertions and verifications for the selected location. Why should Selenium be selected as a test tool? Answer: Selenium is free and open source Selenium have a large user base and helping communities Selenium have cross Browser compatibility Firefox, chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari etc. It has fresh and regular repository developments It supports distributed testing.
Can tests recorded using Selenium IDE be run in other browsers? Answer: Yes. Although Selenium IDE is a Firefox add on, however, tests created in it can also be run in other browsers by using Selenium RC Selenium Remote Control and specifying the name of the test suite in command line.
What are the advantage and features of Selenium IDE? Answer: 1. What are the disadvantage of Selenium IDE tool? It is not playing multiple windows when we record it. Answer: Selenium RC allows the test automation expert to use a programming language for maximum flexibility and extensibility in developing test logic.
How can we handle windows based pop up? There are several third party tools available for handling window based pop ups along with the selenium like AutoIT, Robot class etc. What is Selenium Grid? Answer: Selenium Grid in the selenium testing suit allows the Selenium RC solution to scale for test suites that must be run in multiple environments.
Selenium Grid can be used to run multiple instances of Selenium RC on various operating system and browser configurations. How Selenium Grid works? Answer: Selenium Grid sent the tests to the hub. Then tests are redirected to an available Selenium RC,which launch the browser and run the test. Thus, it allows for running tests in parallel with the entire test suite. What you say about the flexibility of Selenium test suite? Answer: Selenium testing suite is highly flexible.
There are multiple ways to add functionality to Selenium framework to customize test automation. Also, the Selenium testing suite is an open source project where code can be modified and enhancements can be submitted for contribution.
What test can Selenium do? Answer: Selenium is basically used for the functional testing of web based applications. It can be used for testing in the continuous integration environment. It is also useful for agile testing Q. What is the cost of Selenium test suite? Answer: Selenium test suite a set of open source software tool, it is free of cost.
What browsers are supported by Selenium Remote Control? What programming languages can you use in Selenium RC? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Selenium as testing tool? Answer: Advantages: Free, Simple and powerful DOM document object model level testing, can be used for continuous integration; great fit with Agile projects.
Disadvantages: Tricky setup; dreary errors diagnosis; can not test client server applications. What is difference between QTP and Selenium? Answer: Only web applications can be testing using Selenium testing suite.
However, QTP can be used for testing client server applications. However, Selenium test suite has the flexibility to use many languages like Java,. What is difference between Borland Silk test and Selenium? Answer: Selenium is completely free test automation tool, while Silk Test is not. Only web applications can be testing using Selenium testing suite. However, Silk Test can be used for testing client server applications. Silk Test uses 4Test scripting language.
Describe technical problems that you had with Selenium tool? However there are several problems that seriously affect maintainability of recorded test cases, occasionally Quality Assurance Engineers complain that it takes more time to maintain automated test cases than to perform manual testing; however this is an issue with all automated testing tools and most likely related to improper testing framework design.
If IDs is auto-generated, the recorder test cases may fail during playback. Instead QA tester could use pause, but the snowballing effect of several 'pause' commands would really slow down total testing time of test cases. The best solution would be to use waitForElement.
What are the testing types that can be supported by Selenium? What are the different types of waits available in WebDriver? Answer: There are two types of waits available in WebDriver: 1. Implicit Wait 2. Explicit Wait: Explicit waits are used to halt the execution till the time a particular condition is met or the maximum time has elapsed. Unlike Implicit waits, explicit waits are applied for a particular instance only. What are the limitations of Selenium? As Selenium is a free tool, thus there is no ready vendor support though the user can find numerous helping communities.
User is expected to possess prior programming language knowledge. Its record and playback feature makes it exceptionally easy to learn with minimal acquaintances to any programming language. How do I launch the browser using WebDriver? What is Selenese? When should I use Selenium Grid? Answer: Selenium Grid can be used to execute same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and browsers concurrently so as to achieve distributed test execution, testing under different environments and saving execution time remarkably.
What is an Xpath? Xpath is used to locate a web element based on its XML path. XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is used to store, organize and transport arbitrary data. Both being markup languages and since they fall under the same umbrella, Xpath can be used to locate HTML elements. The fundamental behind locating elements using Xpath is the traversing between various elements across the entire page and thus enabling a user to find an element with the reference of another element.
How to type in a textbox using Selenium? How can you find if an element in displayed on the screen? Answer: WebDriver facilitates the user with the following methods to check the visibility of the web elements. These web elements can be buttons, drop boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, labels etc.
Can you explain the phase of Automation Testing LifeCycle? What are the different types of locators in Selenium? Answer: Locator can be termed as an address that identifies a web element uniquely within the webpage. What are the different types of Drivers available in WebDriver?
What is difference between assert and verify commands? Assert: Assert command checks whether the given condition is true or false. If the condition is true then the program control will execute the next test step but if the condition is false, the execution would stop and no further test would be executed. Verify: Verify command also checks whether the given condition is true or false. What are the steps to run automation using selenium? Modify the script according to the testing needs.
Run the test. View the result after test run complete analyze. What are the capabilities of Selenium IDE? The below points describes well about Selenium IDE. Selenium IDE can support recording the clicks, typing, and other actions to make a test cases. Breakpoint insertion is possible. Page abstraction functionality is supported by Selenium IDE. How to find more than one web element in the list? Answer: At times, we may come across elements of same type like multiple hyperlinks, images etc arranged in an ordered or unordered list.
Thus, it makes absolute sense to deal with such elements by a single piece of code and this can be done using WebElement List. What is the difference between driver. The command neither requires any parameter nor does is return any value. Same as close method, the command neither requires any parameter nor does is return any value. How can we get a text of a web element?
Answer: Get command is used to retrieve the inner text of the specified web element. It is also one of the extensively used commands for verification of messages, labels, errors etc displayed on the web pages. How to select value in a dropdown? What are the different types of navigation commands? Answer: Following are the navigation commands: navigate. Sample code: driver.
How to get title? Can Selenium handle windows based pop up? Answer: Selenium is an automation testing tool which supports only web application testing. Therefore, windows pop up cannot be handled using Selenium. Can WebDriver test Mobile applications? WebDriver cannot test Mobile applications. WebDriver is a web based testing tool, therefore applications on the mobile browsers can be tested.
How can we handle web based pop up? WebDriver offers the users with a very efficient way to handle these pop ups using Alert interface. There are the four methods that we would be using along with the Alert interface.
String getText The getText method returns the text displayed on the alert box. Answer: Selenium could be used for the functional, regression, load testing of the web based applications. The automation tool could be implemented for post release validation with continuous integration tools like Jenkins, Hudson, QuickBuild or CruiseControl.
What is the price of Selenium license per server? Answer: Selenium is open source software, released under the Apache 2. How much does Selenium license cost per client machine? Where to download Selenium? Answer: Selenium can be downloaded and installed for free from seleniumhq.
What is the latest version of Selenium components? What are the limitations of Selenium IDE? Answer: Selenium IDE has many great features and is a fruitful and well-organized test automation tool for developing test cases, in the same time Selenium IDE is missing certain vital features of a testing tool: conditional statements, loops, logging functionality, exception handling, reporting functionality, database testing, re-execution of failed tests and screenshots taking capability.
What does SIDE stand for? Ans: Selenium IDE. It was a very tricky interview question. Answer: Selenium Remote Control RC is the powerful solution for test cases that need more than simple browser actions and linear execution.
Selenium-RC allows the developing of complex test scenarios like reading and writing files, querying a database, and emailing test reports. These tasks can be achieved by tweaking test cases in your preferred programming language. What are the advantages using Selenium as testing tool? It means that with almost no investment in purchasing tools, QA Team could easily build the state of the art test automation infrastructure.
Selenium allows developing and executing test cases in various programming languages including. This is a great Selenium advantage, most likely your software developers already know how to develop and maintain C or Java code, so they transfer coding techniques and best practices to QA team.
Selenium allows simple and powerful DOM-level testing and in the same time could be used for testing in the traditional waterfall or modern Agile environments. Selenium would be definitely a great fit for the continuous integration tools Jenkins, Hudson, CruiseControl, because it could be installed on the server testing box, and controlled remotely from continuous integration build. Answer: Selenium Grid extends Selenium RC to distribute your tests across multiple servers, saving you time by running tests in parallel.
What is Selenium WebDriver? Answer: Selenium WebDriver is a tool for writing automated tests of websites. How many browsers are supported by Selenium IDE? Can Selenium test an application on iPhone's Mobile Safari browser?
Answer: Selenium should be able to handle Mobile Safari browser. Can Selenium test an application on Android browser? Answer: Selenium should be able to handle Android browser. There is experimental Selenium Android Driver for running tests in Android browser. What are the disadvantages of using Selenium as testing tool?
Answer: Selenium weak points are tricky setup; dreary errors diagnosis; tests only web applications Q. How many browsers are supported by Selenium Remote Control? How many programming languages can you use in Selenium RC? Answer: Testing frameworks aren't required, but they can be helpful if QA Tester wants to automate test cases. How to developer Selenium Test Cases? Quality assurance team should never consider Selenium IDE as a "record, save, and run it" tool, all the time anticipate reworking a recorded test cases to make them maintainable in the future.
What programming language is best for writing Selenium tests? There are certain advantages for using the same language for writing test cases as application under test. For example, if the team already have the experience with Java, QA Tester could always get the piece of advice while mastering Selenium test cases in Java.
Sometimes it is better to choose simpler programming language that will ultimately deliver better success. In this case QA testers can adopt easier programming languages, for example Ruby, much faster comparing with Java, and can become become experts as soon as possible.
Answer: When QA team considers acquiring test automation to assist in testing, one of the most critical decisions is what technologies or tools to use to automate the testing. The most obvious approach will be to look to the software market and evaluate a few test automation tools. How to test Ajax application with Selenium Answer: Ajax interview questions could be tough for newbie in the test automation, but will be easily cracked by Selenium Tester with a relevant experience.
You can get real-time exposure to Testing by analyzing the live projects and finding bugs and errors. Skip to content. Here are the reasons for learning software testing: Software testing is in demand. Testing tools are easy to learn. Software testing is an important process of the software development life cycle. It is a evergreen sector in the IT sector.
Here are the benefits of software testing: Software testing ensures that you deliver a quality product to the customer. Testing helps in removing risks and problems earlier. Testing any IT project on time helps you to save your money for the long term. The main aim of any product is to give satisfaction to their customers.
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